Adam S. Posen
Brexit has reduced UK trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and immigration growth. New border frictions and higher transport costs pose new barriers to trade, and FDI inflows are unlikely to return to levels reached in the 1990s and 2000s.
The following charts compare UK trade, FDI inflows, and immigration growth before and after Brexit and show the effects of EU withdrawal on the UK economy.
Πηγή: www.piie.com